Selected Publications & Presentations

Democracies Remain Blind to the Threat from Illicit Finance
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 26, 2023 
An entrenched focus on the proceeds of crime has left democracies exposed to the threat of illicit finance.

To pay or not to pay? Ransomware attacks are the new kidnapping
Australian Strategic Policy Institute: June 23, 2023
Over the past several years, ransomware attacks have become a persistent national security threat. The inability to respond effectively to this challenge has normalised what should be intolerable: organised cybercriminals harboured by hostile states regularly disrupting and extorting businesses and essential services, causing misery in the process.

Maximising Awareness of Russia’s Threat to Global Financial System Integrity
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 9, 2023 
The Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies at RUSI convened a roundtable in May 2023 with a dozen experts in the global financial system with both public and private sector experience. The aim of the discussion was to shed light on the risks Russia poses to global financial integrity and identify effective actions to counter these risks and strengthen the global financial system. This report reflects the main findings and conclusions from the discussion.   The paper can be found here.

Developing Bad Habits: What Russia Might Learn from Iran’s Sanctions Evasion
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 6 2023
By highlighting the experience of rogue states, and in particular Iran, this paper examines the question of how Western governments, notably in Europe, and their private sectors could strengthen their sanctions implementation and enforcement strategies in light of potential changes in Russia’s financial activity. It can be expected that Russia will seek to establish parallel financial relations that aim to evade the sanctions set against it by Ukraine’s allies.  The paper can be found here.

Finanțele sunt o forță a binelui, însă pot fi și o amenințare la adresa securității și democrației
Ziarul de Garda (Moldova): May 31, 2023 
În timp ce Moldova se pregătește să găzduiască Comunitatea Politică Europeană, amenințarea din partea finanțelor maligne nu a fost niciodată mai mare.

Thank You for the Music, but I’d Rather Have Visa-Free Entry
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 4, 2023 
Hosting the Eurovision Song Contest offers Downing Street a glittering opportunity to learn from Ukraine.

Insurance as Crime Governance: Comparing Kidnap for Ransom and Ransomware
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 4, 2023 
Ransomware has become a major risk to global business and undermines national economic and societal resilience. Some consider that generous insurance-funded ransom payments are a major contributor to the problem, but many think insurance should be part of the solution. This report examines research activities investigating ‘insurance as governance’ in the field of extortive crime.  Read the full report here.

Preparation is Key – Securing Ukraine’s Reconstruction
Kyiv Independent: February 23, 2023
The destruction wrought by the Kremlin’s illegal and barbaric war in Ukraine is senseless and will require hundreds of billions of dollars of reconstruction.  Securing the financial integrity of this process will be key.

Walking the Talk: Threats and Ambiguity in Western Sanctions on Russia
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 3, 2023 
One year after Western leaders promised swift and forceful sanctions on Russia, has reality matched the political rhetoric?

Failure to expand the allied sanctions coalition must be addressed
Politico: January 17, 2023
Following successive sanctions packages against Russia, the EU must prioritize implementation by individual members and close third-country loopholes.

Will 2023 be the End of International Sanctions?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 5, 2023
The UN Security Council’s sanctions role has been neutered; new sanctions coalitions must ensure this key tool of international security remains effective.

Swimming in Dirty Money: It’s Time to Dive Below the Surface
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 16, 2022
While charismatic species steal the limelight, the failure to address the illicit finance in illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is a glaring omission.

The EU’s focus on terrorist financing has faded — the threat has not
Politico: November 15, 2022
Combating the financing of terrorist activity should be at the core of the security response, yet the policy community has seemingly moved on.

Afghanistan Under the Taliban: The Unintended Consequences of Sanctions
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 24, 2022
The humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan continues to deteriorate. Is the international community helping or exacerbating the situation?

Illicit Finance is an Achilles’ Heel for EU Security
Politico: October 4, 2022
Dirty money is undermining European democracy, and the effective implementation of sanctions against Russia is j​ust part of an urgently needed response.
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Through the Looking Glass: The Russian View of Western Sanctions
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 7, 2022
Western rhetoric emphasises the massive economic impact of sanctions on Russia. But how are sanctions seen from within the country?  Available here.

It’s a Wrap: Reflections on the UK’s Economic Crime Plan (2019–2022)
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 18, 2022
The UK’s first Economic Crime Plan brought together the machinery of government. The second plan now needs to deliver the goods.

Headwinds, or an opportunity ahead?
BVI Beacon: August 17, 2022
The centrality of the Virgin Islands to global finance has never been more relevant, or more scrutinised.

Capturing the state... and attention of the 'greylisters'
News24: August 10, 2022
Corruption might seem normal in South Africa, but an international financial task force disagrees

Stale Thinking and Inaction Threatens G7 Illicit Finance Commitments
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 26, 2022
The G7 summit’s renewed focus on kleptocracy will fail if commitments are not paired with fresh energy and concrete action.

Britain must raise its defences against weaponised finance
The Financial Times: July 21, 2022
The use of sanctions against Russia during the Ukraine conflict has underlined the importance of economic statecraft

Pandemic Lessons for the Financial Crime Community
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 16, 2022
The world mobilised against coronavirus; imagine if the same dedication and purpose of mission were applied to financial crime.

From Freeze to Seize: Creativity and Nuance is Needed
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 7, 2022
​Political rhetoric on sanctioned Russian asset seizure is being replaced by concrete proposals. A long legal road lies ahead.

Opinion: An illicit finance-shaped hole in the UK development strategy
Devex: May 26, 2022
The UK’s development strategy contains a significant missed opportunity: the absence of any meaningful focus on illicit finance, despite the significant contribution this would make to development.

The UK must urgently ratchet up its sanctions pressure on Russia
The Financial Times: April 18, 2022
The foreign secretary is running out of ideas — it’s time for a more creative approach to economic statecraft.

Targeted Sanctions and Organised Crime
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 23, 2022
This paper analyses organised crime-related sanctions data and examines the current state of knowledge on the implementation and impact of these sanctions.  Download paper here.

Don’t Expect Sanctions to Fix the UK’s Systemic Illicit Finance Problems
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 28, 2022
Sanctions will not address the global security threat created by the UK’s role in illicit finance – that’s the government’s responsibility.

Turning Words into Action: Russia, Ukraine and Financial Sanctions Options
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 3, 2022
As Western leaders threaten Russia with massive economic consequences, what might these sanctions actually entail?

Will 2022 be a Year of Action on Illicit Finance in the UK?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 5, 2022
The US Strategy on Countering Corruption promises a step change in its response to illicit finance. Can the UK government step up too?
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Proteger la democracia de las actividades financieras ilícitas: Fortalecer la seguridad desde el principio
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 10, 2021
La cleptocracia perjudica a la democracia. La prioridad central de la comunidad internacional debe ser impulsar la capacidad de los periodistas y la sociedad civil para responder a esta situación desde la raíz del problema.

Sanctioning Russian Aggression: The West Must Accept Economic Self-Harm
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 5, 2021
The G7 talk of severe sanctions against Russia hides an inconvenient truth. To be effective, sanctions must hurt Western economies too.​

Securing Democracy from Illicit Finance: Strengthening the First Mile
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 10, 2021
Kleptocracy undermines democracy. Bolstering the capacity of journalists and civil society to respond to it at its source must be a central priority of the international community.
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Addressing the Effects of Economic Crime: Turning Vision into Strategy
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 30, 2021
Dirty money undermines trust and confidence in democracy and damages the UK’s reputation. How should the government respond?

Assessing the Global Response to Proliferation Financing: An Analysis of FATF Mutual Evaluation Data
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 10, 2021
This paper draws on FATF mutual evaluation data to analyse the FATF's progress on including counterproliferation finance in its standards.  You can find the full paper here.

Getting Serious? The UK–UAE Illicit Finance Partnership Holds Promise​
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 1, 2021
Partnerships between global financial centres are key to tackling illicit finance. Delivery will determine the credibility of the new UK–UAE initiative.

Financial Crime Fighting has Lost its Way
The Financial Times: September 2, 2021
It’s time to regenerate the UK’s fight against financial crime.

Now for the Hard Part: The Taliban Face Financial Headwinds
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 31, 2021
Finance will need to be at the centre of decision-making not only in Western capitals, but also in Taliban-controlled Kabul.

Building the Basis of a Transatlantic Response to Illicit Finance
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 25, 2021
To achieve meaningful impact on illicit finance, the US and UK must first recognise their own shortcomings and strengthen the ‘home base’.

Good Intentions: The FATF Faces Its Own Unintended Consequences
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 5, 2021
The Financial Action Task Force’s unintended consequences study will point to necessary reforms that the watchdog will be unwilling to undertake.

A Muddled Mosaic: The UK Still Lacks a Coherent International Illicit Finance Strategy
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 21, 2021
The international dimension of the Economic Crime Plan is a patchwork of aspirations. A clearer, achievable vision is needed.

Assessing the Financial Action Task Force’s Impact on Digital Financial Inclusion
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 15, 2021
This Occasional Paper assesses the extent to which the FATF framework has impacted digital financial inclusion. You can download the paper here.

Walk the Talk: How the Financial Action Task Force Can Prioritise Financial Inclusion
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 15, 2021
This Policy Brief outlines recommendations for how the FATF can prioritise the protection and promotion of financial inclusion.  You can download the paper here.

Once Bitten, Twice Shy: The UK Must Provide a Credible Plan for Economic Engagement with Iran
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 2, 2021
Previous disappointment will lead Iran to expect greater economic certainty in any renewed nuclear negotiations. London must play its part.

Form Over Substance? UK Anti-Corruption Sanctions Are No Substitute for Action
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 12, 2021
To be a force for good, the UK’s anti-corruption sanctions must be paired with seizing and returning stolen assets to benefit deprived citizens.

Getting Serious? Illicit Finance Is Finally a UK Foreign Policy Issue
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 25, 2021
The UK government’s commitment to reinvigorate its efforts to tackle illicit finance is welcome. Now the hard work starts.

The Silent Threat: The Impact of Fraud on UK National Security
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 26, 2021
This paper explores the impact of fraud on the UK's national security landscape, and sets out the case for adopting a fundamentally different pathway for responding to the problem.  The full paper is here.

Of Some Benefit: US Corporate Transparency Inches Forward
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 21, 2021
The fêting of new company registration requirements in the US is understandable, but critical gaps remain.

Get Serious: Illicit Finance is a Threat to the US–UK Special Relationship
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 15, 2020
As President-elect Joe Biden commits to tackling illicit finance, Boris Johnson’s lack of leadership on the matter risks being embarrassingly revealed.

For Whose Benefit? Reframing Beneficial Ownership Disclosure Around Users’ Needs
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 23, 2020
Beneficial ownership information should be used to support greater financial system integrity. This paper explores its applications and what they mean for policymaking.

​Financial Crime Country Lists in a Fragmenting World Order
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 28, 2020
Those that promote lists of countries that are slow to tackle financial crime must work harder to exclude politics and prove their integrity and value.

The UK and Illicit Finance: Still Part of the Problem, Not Part of the Solution
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 23, 2020
The UK has lost its global leadership of the fight against illicit finance. The Johnson government must get the UK back on track.  ​Article here.

Targeting corruption and its proceeds: Why we should mainstream an anti-corruption perspective into “follow the money” approaches to natural resource crime
TNRC Topic Brief: October 2020
The need for financial investigations of natural resource crime and corruption.  Read the Brief here.

​The New Cold War Is Financial
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 21, 2020​
Banks and financial infrastructure are emerging as an expanding front in geopolitics.

The Integrated Review: Harnessing the UK’s Financial Capabilities in Support of National Security
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 5, 2020​
This paper argues that the UK’s finance capabilities can – and should – contribute to a far greater extent to national security.  Download the full paper here.

Get Serious: Illicit Finance is a UK National Security Threat
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 28, 2020​
The illicit finance challenge faced by the UK and highlighted in the recent parliamentary report into Russian operations threatens to be overwhelming. Urgent and radical action is required.

Coronavirus: Financial Inclusion Considerations for Risk-Based Supervision and Its Impact on the Risk-Based Approach
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 13, 2020​
This Briefing Paper explores how the financial services opportunities created by the coronavirus pandemic can be used to propel the global adoption of a genuinely risk-based approach to supervision and financial crime controls. Full paper here.

Leading from Behind: The Focus on the Financial Investigation of Wildlife Crime Must be Sustained
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 29, 2020​
​The Financial Action Task Force has placed the financial investigation of the illegal wildlife trade firmly on its agenda. Now what?

​Financial Crime and Brexit: Can We Agree on Nothing?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 11, 2020​
In Brexit negotiations, even the response to financial crime is an area of dispute.

The Policy Works Until it Gets Personal: Assessing Public Attitudes to Ransom Payment​
​Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 13, 2020​
Public opinion on paying hostage-takers reflects a broader contradiction between principle and practice.

​Coordinating Sanctions After Brexit: Considerations for the Future of UK Sanctions Policy
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 13, 2020
UK sanctions will not operate in isolation from other sanctions regimes. This Occasional Paper builds on insights from the second meeting of the RUSI Task Force on the Future of UK Sanctions Policy and considers how the UK will coordinate sanctions initiatives with its allies after Brexit.  Full report here.

Reforming the Response to Financial Crime: Making the Most of a Crisis
​Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 15, 2020
The coronavirus pandemic presents significant financial crime challenges; it also presents opportunities for reform that should not be squandered.

Exploring Connections: Corruption, Terrorism and Terrorist Financing
​Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 2, 2020
This Occasional Paper explores how corruption can enable terrorism and facilitate terrorist financing.  Full paper here.

Case Closed? Why We Should Review Historic Wildlife Trafficking Cases from a Financial Perspective
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 27, 2020
Based on a recent exercise in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, this Newsbrief explores the value of revisiting historic wildlife cases from a financial perspective.  Article here.

A Sharper Image: Advancing a Risk-Based Response to Terrorist Financing
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 9, 2020
This Occasional Paper surveys the counterterrorist financing landscape and seeks to provide an approach through which a more appropriate and relevant response to terrorist financing can be developed.  View the full paper here.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: the Financial Action Task Force Faces an Iranian Crunch
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 6, 2020
A well-intentioned decision on Iran in 2016 has haunted the Financial Action Task Force ever since. That decision is about to become a nightmare.

Are Your Cigarettes Funding Terror Attacks? Examining the Intersection of Terrorist Financing and Illicit Trade
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 7, 2020
There is rising interest in how illicit trade contributes to the funding of terrorist activities. Recognising the differences between wholesale and retail illicit trade will be crucial for effectively countering this form of terrorist financing.  Article here.

The Luanda Leaks reveal the misery inflicted by the theft of national wealth
The Guardian: January 23, 2020
The winners amass vast sums while the losers face poverty, disease and eviction. Governments must act to tackle illicit finance

The Verdict Is In: Missing Millions Must Be Found and Returned
Medium: December 16, 2019
With former President al-Bashir found guilty of corruption and other “financial irregularities” and sentenced to two years at a state-run social reform facility, the international community must act to find and return Sudan’s missing millions laundered through the international financial system.

Securing the Integrity of the EU’s Financial System is Overdue – Why is Progress so Slow?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 26, 2019
Like the proverbial frog in boiling water, the EU knows something is wrong; it just can’t decide what to do.

KYC360 Exclusive: Tom Keatinge on FATF, Terror Finance and the Misplaced ‘Obsession with Transparency’
KYC 360, Riskscreen: November 7, 2019
In this exclusive interview KYC360 talks to Tom Keatinge, Director of the Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) in London.  Full transcript here.

It’s Time to Reform and Refocus the Financial Action Task Force
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 23, 2019
The FATF is overstretched. Its responsibilities and the efficiency and effectiveness of its evaluation process must be reassessed.

Designing Sanctions After Brexit: Recommendations on the Future of UK Sanctions Policy
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 19, 2019
This Occasional Paper offers recommendations adapted from initial discussions by the RUSI Task Force on the Future of UK Sanctions Policy regarding what UK sanctions could look like after Brexit.

A Cryptic Challenge: Banking Virtual Currencies
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 13, 2019
Banks, guardians of the integrity of the financial system, cannot hide from the risks posed by cryptocurrencies; they must learn to move on from a poor strategy of avoidance and de-risking.  Download the article here.

Money Laundering and the Illegal Wildlife Trade: Financial Action at Last?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 28, 2019
A proposal by the incoming president of the Financial Action Task Force presents an unprecedented opportunity to tackle the illegal wildlife trade by hitting at its main driver: financial gain.

Social Media and Terrorist Financing: What are the Vulnerabilities and How Could Public and Private Sectors Collaborate Better?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 2, 2019
This paper focuses on the narrow issue of terrorist financing enabled by social media, particularly those forms that present identified terrorist-finance risks, including networking sites, content-hosting services, crowdfunding services and encrypted communications services.  Download the paper here.

The Financial Action Task Force Should Embrace the Opportunity to Reform
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 25, 2019
​The fight against financial crime is ponderous and politicised, lacking imagination and ambition.

The UK’s Proscription of Hizbullah: All Talk and No Action?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 12, 2019
​The UK Home Secretary’s proscription announcement raised expectations, but those that cheered are likely to be disappointed.

Fundraising for Right-Wing Extremist Movements: How They Raise Funds and How to Counter It
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 31, 2019
Efforts to prevent fundraising for extremist organisations tend to overlook the characteristics of right-wing movements.  Article here.

Securing the Supply Chain: Implementing North Korea Sanctions Beyond Banking
​Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 24, 2019
Ensuring the global supply chain is not abused by North Korea to evade international sanctions requires a systemic approach. The current response is failing, and the involvement of a far greater range of private sector actors is urgently needed.  Article here.

Security Through Financial Integrity: Mending Pakistan’s Leaky Sieve
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 23, 2019
​This Occasional Paper focuses on the role of Pakistan’s financial institutions in detecting and preventing the transfer of corruption proceeds.  Paper here.

Reinvigorating the Forgotten Financial Fight Against Al-Shabaab
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 8, 2019
The lessons learned from disrupting Daesh financing must be applied to the unchecked funding of Al-Shabaab, the jihadist fundamentalist group based in East Africa.

The Financing of North Korea’s Nuclear Ambition Remains Alive and Well
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 8, 2019
A lack of awareness-raising by governments and misinterpretation by the private sector mean efforts to restrict North Korea’s finances are failing.

Politics enters the global battle against money laundering
The Financial Times: March 4, 2019
Policy has become vulnerable to interference and manipulation.

No Rest for the Wicked: Driving Change in the UK’s Post-FATF Evaluation AML Regime
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 19, 2019
​This report considers how the UK AML regime should develop after the conclusion of the 2018 Financial Action Task Force Mutual Evaluation of the UK, to drive forward an approach that genuinely protects the UK’s financial integrity in practice (rather than in theory).

The Scale of Money Laundering in the UK: Why Worry?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 11, 2019
The UK’s vulnerability to money laundering is well-known, yet an accurate estimate of the scale. In attempting to derive a measure, to understand its true value, we must ask: Is a precise estimate truly necessary to convince anyone of the need to tackle money laundering? Will a more accurate estimate be genuinely useful in guiding the government’s and other sectors’ efforts to do so?

The Scale of Money Laundering in the UK: Too Big to Measure?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 11, 2019
​By measuring the measurable – rather than lamenting the immeasurability of the immeasurable – the lower bounds of the scale of money laundering in the UK can be established.

Mission creep and a credibility crisis: Is the Financial Action Task Force still fit for purpose?
Sussex Centre for the Study of Corruption: February 1, 2019
This year, the Financial Action Task Force – the global standard setter in the fight against financial crime – will celebrate its 30th birthday.  Given the constant stream of headlines revealing egregious cases of money laundering around the world, does FATF remains fit for purpose.

Written Submission to Foreign Affairs Committee 'Post-Brexit Sanctions' Enquiry
HM Government Foreign Affairs Committee: January 23, 2019

Assessing Innovation in Terrorist Financing
Studies in Conflict and Security: January 14, 2019
The innovation terrorist groups apply to their strategy and tactical operations is subject to increasing study. Yet an assessment of the innovation applied by terrorist groups to their financing is lacking, with consideration typically limited to “where does the money come from and what is it used for?” Given the widely held belief that financing is a key requisite of terrorist activity, this omission represents a striking gap in our ability to anticipate, disrupt, and deny terrorists of financing.

Unexplained Strategy: Putting Unexplained Wealth Orders to Work
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 11, 2019
The government should use unexplained wealth orders to reduce harm, not reap headlines.

Leaning In: Advancing the Role of Finance Against Modern Slavery
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 11, 2018
​This paper explores the role that the financial sector can play in reducing human trafficking and modern slavery through exerting responsibility and leverage.

Consensus for Action: Towards a More Effective EU Sanctions Policy
Columbia University, Center on Global Energy Policy: November 28, 2018
Over the last 20 years, the alignment of the design and implementation of sanctions by the European Union and the United States has, on the whole, been an article of faith as the transatlantic allies have pursued mutual foreign policy objectives.  Yet despite the consistency of objectives, the bureaucratic structures, technical mechanisms, and processes by which the European Union and the United States design and implement sanctions differ significantly. These differences—always present—have been amplified by the current stresses in transatlantic relations and may be further exacerbated when the United Kingdom leaves the European Union in March 2019.

High Expectations: The UK’s Role in Pakistan’s Fight Against Corruption
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 26, 2018
Pakistan’s new government came to power 100 days ago vowing to fight corruption and recover looted national wealth. But the UK is integral to Pakistan’s anti-corruption effort, and London would be well-advised to help Pakistan achieve its objectives.

Social Media and (Counter) Terrorist Finance: A Fund-Raising and Disruption Tool
Studies in Conflict and Security: November 13, 2018
The proliferation of social media has created a terrorist finance vulnerability due to the ease with which propaganda can be spread, promoting fund-raising for a certain cause. Social media companies recognize the importance of preventing violent extremist and terrorist content, but less attention is paid to their fund-raising role. As well as presenting a threat, the movement of terrorist fund-raising activities online creates a disruption opportunity. This article argues that social media companies need to display greater awareness of their vulnerability to supporting terrorist financing and greater collaboration with law enforcement and financial institutions to strengthen the integrity of the system against abuse.

Fighting corruption through strengthening financial integrity: Reflections on Pakistan’s experience
Public Administration Review: October 22, 2018

Denmark’s Poor Performance in the Fight Against Financial Crime Shows Why European Regulation is Needed
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 18, 2018
More famous for hygge and Hamlet than money laundering, Denmark’s travails reflect an apathy towards financial crime that extends across the continent.

A Missing Page: Strengthening the Response to the Illegal Wildlife Trade
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 11, 2018
The continued failure to target the proceeds of the illegal wildlife trade is undermining the response to this transnational crime.

Pangolin survival: How 'following the money' could save lives
BBC News: October 10, 2018
Around the world, the illegal wildlife trade is having a devastating effect on many species of animal.  Targeting profits made by those involve could help protect them.

We cannot fight cross-border money laundering with local tools
The Financial Times: September 9, 2018
Crooks are exploiting the lack of transnational co-operation

Dreaming of Financial Independence
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 28, 2018
The German foreign minister’s call for EU financial payments autonomy may seem fanciful today, but for how much longer?

Lessons from Down Under: The Soft Power Dividend of Financial Crime Technical Assistance
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 8, 2018
​The UK should learn from Australia and become a global leader in the provision and coordination of technical assistance by turning its financial crime-fighting focus abroad.

Underwriting Proliferation: Sanctions Evasion, Proliferation Finance and the Insurance Industry
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 9, 2018
​This paper seeks to establish the baseline for a discussion on proliferation finance in the (re)insurance sector. The insurance industry can play a vital role in contributing to the successful implementation of international sanctions and wider counter proliferation efforts against North Korea.

A Final Nail in the Coffin of the Iran Nuclear Deal?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 2, 2018
​The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) avoided a decision to return Iran to its blacklist of countries not doing enough to combat money laundering. Iran’s continued litany of financial crime failings further undermines the future of the country’s nuclear deal with Western governments.

Virtuous Currencies: Time to Accentuate the Positive
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 20, 2018
Rhetoric on virtual currencies has centred on risks and threats. But the technology also has the potential to promote financial inclusion.

Penny’s Vision, Pound Wise: Global Financial Centres must Collaborate to Tackle Illicit Financial Flows
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 11, 2018
The cross-border flow of criminal finances benefits from a continued failure of money centres to cooperate

Lutte contre le financement du terrorisme: changer d'approche
Les Echos: April 20, 2018
​Alors que nos sociétés continuent d'être frappées, un aggiornamento de la lutte contre le financement du terrorisme semble nécessaire. La conférence internationale du 26 avril sur le sujet est l'occasion d'y réfléchir.

This time, sanctions on Russia are having the desired effect
The Financial Times: April 14, 2018
The country’s integration in global finance has made it vulnerable.

Is There a British or European Financial Response to the Salisbury Attack?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 11, 2018
Whatever one thinks of the extraterritorial financial reach of the US, the Trump administration is showing leadership in the use of financial power. Can the UK follow suit in Europe?

Rolling Up Russia’s Red Money Carpet in the UK
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 26, 2018
Two decades of laying out the welcome mat to Russian cash is haunting the British government in the wake of the assassination attempt in Salisbury.

How the Technical Becomes Political: the Financial Action Task Force and Iran
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 5, 2018
The latest FATF plenary has drawn the financial technical standard-setter deep into uncomfortable political territory.

Is a Corner Finally Being Turned in the UK's Fight Against a ‘McMafia’ World?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 21, 2018
A BBC TV drama might be the spur the UK government needs to take action on high-end money laundering.

From Lone Actors to Daesh: Rethinking the Response to the Diverse Threats of Terrorist Financing
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January, 2018
In view of the terrorist threat and diversity of funding efforts, counter-terrorist financing efforts should aim to address the modus operandi of any given target, placing greater emphasis on the intelligence value that finance provides.​

Following the Financial Footprints: New approaches to Disrupting Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery
The European Review of Organised Crime 4(2): January, 2018
A new front has emerged in the response to human trafficking and modern slavery. Focusing on the financial footprints of traffickers provides a new set of tools to disrupt human trafficking. This research note assesses the methods and effectiveness of these initiatives. In particular, the paper reviews the ways in which this new front against human trafficking is evolving, the key factors that are facilitating financial institutions’ engagement with human trafficking and the ways in which those in law enforcement and civil society who are already committed to the fight against human trafficking could benefit from, and further empower, the work of financial institutions.

Protecting charities from terrorists … and counterterrorists: FATF and the global effort to prevent terrorist financing through the non-profit sector 
Crime, Law and Social Change: December 2017
What role has FATF played in the global effort to counter terrorist financing through the non-profit sector? How have advocates for the sector responded and what do these developments tell us about FATF’s operations and influence? This article reflects on the emergence and evolution of FATF Recommendation 8, initially introduced as Special Recommendation VIII after the terrorist attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001.

Public–Private Partnerships and Financial Crime: Advancing an Inclusive Model
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 1, 2017
Two key problems must be addressed as law enforcement and financial institutions seek to tackle financial crime together: the danger of creating an exclusive system; and the risk that the daunting challenge some countries perceive in just starting this process would inhibit any progress.

Social Media and Terrorist Financing: Time for a Focused Response
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 12, 2017
Social media has attracted scrutiny as a tool for promoting extremism. Its power to support terrorist financing requires equal attention.

Closing the Gap: Assessing Responses to Terrorist-Related Kidnap-for-Ransom
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 12, 2017
​This paper examines kidnapping as a source of terrorist finance, arguing that a new approach is needed if terrorist groups are not to continue to benefit from multimillion-dollar cash injections.

Follow the Money: Using Financial Investigation to Combat Wildlife Crime
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 11, 2017
This paper explores the financial dimensions of wildlife crime, and the need to disrupt the financial networks of those engaged in this crime.

Limiting the Use of Cash for Big Purchases: Assessing the Case for Uniform Cash Thresholds
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 8, 2017
This paper, a joint project between RUSI and the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government at Harvard, explores the pros and cons of imposing 'cash thresholds', including whether they should be introduced at a uniform level across different countries and, in particular, throughout the Eurozone.

Brexit and Sanctions: Can the UK Lead From Behind?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 14, 2017
Whitehall is consulting on new sanctions legislation fit for the country’s diminished global position.

US, Europe and Sanctions Against Russia: A Parting of the Ways?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 3, 2017
Criticism in Brussels of new US sanctions, which come into effect today, shines a light on the weakness of the EU’s response to Russia.

A Modern Day Trolley Problem: A Review of Terror
​Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 2, 2017
Ferdinand von Schirach’s courtroom drama Terror asks for the audience to make an uncomfortable decision on a plausible modern-day scenario.  Read review here.

​Cryptocurrencies will be the Architects of their Own Demise
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 28, 2017
With the formal financial sector responding to their challenge, cryptocurrencies will simply become illicit currency for illicit trade.

Groundhog Day for Counterterrorist Finance: Time to Rethink the Response
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 11, 2017
For global political leaders, tackling terrorist financing was again centre stage at the G20. Still, a continued fixation on ‘spotting’ sums of money is wrongheaded.

Transatlantic (Mis)alignment: Challenges to US-EU Sanctions Design and Implementation
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 10, 2017
This paper argues that despite recent coordination on sanctions against Russia and Iran, there is still a misalignment over how the US and the EU approaches sanctions. The different policy-making processes on both sides of the Atlantic impact the design, implementation and eventual lifting of sanctions regimes. The paper also highlights the crucial role that the private sector plays in the implementation of sanctions.

Qatar is unlikely to be the last Gulf nation to have its financial dealings come under the spotlight
Daily Telegraph: June 26, 2017
As the demands placed on Qatar emerge, its neighbours are also drawing attention to their own illicit financial activity.

Judgement Postponed: The Financial Action Task Force Extends Iran’s Lifeline
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 26, 2017
Mixed messages from the Financial Action Task Force’s latest plenary are unlikely to enhance Iran’s access to banking.

Why Qatar is the focus of terrorism claims
BBC News: June 13, 2017
The dispute that has seen Saudi Arabia and its Gulf allies isolate Qatar stems from allegations that the tiny gas-rich nation is sponsoring extremist groups which are destabilising the Middle East.

Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The Impact of Banking Restrictions on UK NGOs
Chatham House: April 28, 2017
Banks are restricting the work of humanitarian NGOs and impeding the effectiveness of the UK government’s aid budget.

Taking Stock: Does the Borussia Dortmund Bus Bombing Open a New CTF Front?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 28, 2017
The Borussia Dortmund bus bomber was driven by a financial, rather than an ideological, motive. He brought the make-believe world of Bond villains and conspiracy theorists to life.

Brexit and the UK’s Sanctions Policy: From Leader to Follower
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 27, 2017
As a member of the EU, the UK has been a strong leader in the design and implementation of sanctions. Brexit will create complexity for policymakers and the private sector and result in a loss of UK influence and effectiveness.  Article here.

Countering Proliferation Finance: An Introductory Guide for Financial Institutions
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 19, 2017
This Guidance Paper is aimed at financial institutions that have carried out little or no concerted thinking on proliferation finance as distinct from other forms of financial crime. The paper seeks to raise awareness of the risk of proliferation financing and create a baseline policy for mitigating the institution against it.

Banking on Brexit: The Urgent Need to Address ‘De-Risking’
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 11, 2017
​The lack of a geo-financial strategy will greatly hamper the prime minister’s Brexit ambitions.

Disrupting Human Trafficking: The Role of Financial Institutions​
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 15, 2017
This report looks at the growing menace that human trafficking poses worldwide and the crucial role that global financial institutions have in tackling it.

​Banks and law enforcers should work together to end modern slavery
The Times: March 15, 2017
Over the past three years, the UK government has applied particular focus to tackling the scourge of modern slavery. Over the same period, the government has also made a focused effort to enhance the UK’s response to financial crime by developing partnerships between law enforcement and the financial sector. 

Here for Good? The Financial Thin Blue Line
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 23, 2017
The financial sector has long been in the forefront of the fight against financial crime. But, as the industry works to rehabilitate its reputation following the global financial crisis, this largely unseen role is increasingly being brought into the light.​

​Who checks World-Check? It’s high time someone did
Middle East Eye: February 2, 2017
The apology issued by World-Check to Finsbury Park Mosque calls into question the lack of regulation of such private screening databases.

Lone-Actor and Small Cell Terrorist Attacks: A New Front in CTF?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 24, 2017
​As the threat from lone-actor and small cell terrorism evolves, this paper examines the financing of both disrupted and successful plots since 2000 in Great Britain, France and Australia. These plots often require minimal funding, making proactive identification through financial means challenging. Nonetheless, this paper highlights a number of key themes that warrant further investigation, showing the potentially disruptive role that financial intelligence can play.

Britain’s Criminal Finances Bill: A View from Central Asia
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 29, 2016
Well away from Whitehall, the UK government’s Criminal Finances Bill is getting noticed. That’s the good news. The bad news is that those at whom the Bill is directed question the government’s willingness to implement its proposed new powers.

Wildlife Crime is Financial Crime: The Response Needs to Reflect This
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 29, 2016
​The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is estimated to generate up to $23 billion per annum globally in illicit profits. Remarkably, it is still being treated as a wildlife crime rather than a form of organised crime, ignoring the financial dimension. A financial approach to tackling IWT is urgently needed.

Financial Intelligence and the Evolving Threat from Daesh
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 27, 2016
As the threat from Islamic State evolves, security responses must too. Financial intelligence must continue to play a critical role in identifying and disrupting new threats, in investigating foreign terrorist fighters and prosecuting their supporters.

Implementing the Iran Nuclear Deal: Balancing Proliferation Finance Risk and Economic Opportunity
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 19, 2016
Almost a year since Implementation Day, this paper examines how financial institutions have approached Iran after the lifting of sanctions. It highlights the need to update international standards on counter-proliferation finance to ensure that attention on proliferation financing does not disappear in the slipstream of the Iran agreement. 

Written Submission to the Foreign Affairs Committee Brexit Enquiry
HM Government Foreign Affairs Committee: December 13, 2016
Written evidence submitted with regards to the impact of Brexit on the UK's sanctions policy .

Banking Sector Collaboration is Needed to Tackle Nigerian Corruption
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 2, 2016
New approaches are needed to address Nigeria’s massive corruption problem. Engaging the banking sector, the key facilitator of the theft of the nation’s wealth in this struggle, should be an urgent priority.  Article here.
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Building Trust and Taking Risks in the Global Effort to Tackle Financial Crime
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 20, 2016
Counter-financial crime measures have been conservative and self-restrictive for long enough. It is time to redesign the anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing system to get better results.

Information Sharing and Financial Crime: Has the U.K. Found the Solution?
The Clearing House, Banking Perspectives, Q3 2016: September, 2016
Introduction: The UK's Joint Money Laundering Intelligence Taskforce may have found a better way to share AML information that boosts abilities to tackle financial crime.
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Financial Crime: An Intelligence-Led Response is Needed
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 5, 2016
Intelligence gaps are at the heart of the UK’s vulnerability to financial crime – evidence rather than supposition must form the basis of the response.  Article here.

Assessing Terrorist Finance: A Regional Approach
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): September 2, 2016
For fifteen years, efforts to tackle terrorist finance have been long on words and short on action. The recently published 2016 Regional Risk Assessment on Terrorism Financing 2016 for Southeast Asia and Australia suggests that at last global edicts are being operationalised locally.

The failure to police the EU’s financial border is a security weakness
EurActiv: August 19, 2016
Whilst EU leaders and policymakers have struggled to maintain the security of the EU’s external physical border, the financial border is wide open to all. At a time of focus on the funding of extremism from third countries, this is a worrying weakness.

Counter-Daesh Financing Has Been a Convenient Distraction
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 17, 2016
The relentless targeting of Daesh and its funding has had a considerable impact. Oil production is depleted, swathes of territory have been lost, key towns have fallen, and salaries and services have been cut. Now the real counter-terror finance work should begin.

Commission creating more risk of money laundering, not less
EurActiv: July 28, 2016
The European Commissio​n’s list-based attempt to strengthen and harmonise approaches to disrupting money laundering and terrorist financing is arguably creating greater vulnerabilities by ignoring countries that are not on the list and which present a considerably more substantial risk.

​Calls to cut off terrorist financing increase
Jane's Intelligence Review: July 21, 2016
Efforts to counter terrorist financing have increasingly co-opted financial institutions to disrupt the flow of funds. Tom Keatinge surveys the evolution of the risk environment.  Full article here.

Follow the Money: How Financial Investigation can Combat Poaching in Kenya
Newsweek: July 2, 2016
Poaching should be investigated like money-laundering or corruption in order to save endangered species.

Snapback, FATF-style: Counter-measure Suspension Unlikely to Address Core Banking Issues
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 1, 2016
The Financial Action Task Force, the inter-governmental standards authority on legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering and terrorist financing, agreed recently to suspend financial crime counter-measures against Iran for 12 months. Though well-intended, it reflects muddled thinking.

Out of Sight, Out of Mind? A Review of Efforts to Counter Proliferation Finance
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): June 20, 2016
​Greater collaboration between the public and private sectors is needed to tackle the problem of proliferation finance. Enhanced information sharing and the development of specific expertise will greatly improve the effectiveness of programmes aimed at tackling this key global issue.

Heading for the Brexit? Tackling Financial Crime Needs More, Not Less Partnership
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 19, 2016
The position of London as a global financial centre, the cross-border nature of financial flows and related criminality, and the importance of information sharing and transnational partnership in tackling financial crime make a strong case for remaining a member of the EU.

Rethinking CTF Strategy: From Stopping Terrorist Financing to Using Finance to Stop Terrorists
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): May 6, 2016
Rather than focusing on the near-impossible task of stopping terrorist financing, policy-makers should instead focus on using financial intelligence to stop terrorists.  Full article available here.

The Panama Papers are an Opportunity for the UK
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 14, 2016
The debate over the Panama Papers has focused too much on the emotive issue of tax, and not enough on the issue of transparency. The UK is at the heart of the problem – but can also be at the heart of the solution.

Barclays case threatens to expose secrets of bank de-risking
Middle East Eye: April 2, 2016
The revelation that billionaire philanthropist Wafic Said is suing Barclays for closing his accounts might finally signal a change.

Daesh and the ‘Fraudulent US Dollar Note’: Profiting from Foreign Exchange
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 21, 2016
Recent reporting has shone a light on a complex element of Daesh financing that demonstrates the group’s sophisticated ability to profit from a regional exchange system that is open to corruption and abuse.

Terrorist Financing and Information Sharing: A Little Less Conversation, a Little More Action Please
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): March 10, 2016
The most recent G20 communiqué repeats the need for high-level commitment to greater information sharing for tackling terrorist financing. But without action to address the real and perceived barriers to effective sharing, little will actually be achieved.

Islamic State: The struggle to stay rich
BBC News: March 8, 2016
Since its leader, Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, declared the so-called Islamic State (IS) caliphate in June 2014, the world has looked on as the group captured towns and territory, attracted fighters from across the globe and committed atrocities against anyone failing to adhere to its extreme interpretation of Islam. But over a year-and-a-half later, despite territorial losses, the group survives, thanks in no small part to its status as "the best-funded terrorist organisation" in history.
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Islamic State Earnings Call
CityAM: February 25, 2016
Why the terrorist group's 2014 financial boom is a distant memory – but the 2015 decline won't be fatal.

Disrupting Daesh Finance is About More Than Oil
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 24, 2016
Having belatedly moved to degrade and destroy the primary Daesh funding source within its reach, the international community must now embark on the next phase through targeted financial strategies against middlemen and capacity building in peripheral economies.

Charitable Aid: A Valuable Export That Must be Better Supported
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 22, 2016
Aid and development are valuable UK exports. The government should provide the sector with the support it deserves.

Tackling Terrorist Finance Starts at Home
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 22, 2016
The UK government’s counter-terror finance efforts are inadequate; it needs to reassess its approach.

The Devil is in the Detail: The Financial Risks to the Success of the Iran Deal
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 17, 2016
Over the last decade, the US and EU have constructed a complex network of sanctions in response to Iran’s nuclear programme, ensuring the near-total isolation of Iran from global markets. On ‘implementation day’, this network starts to be disassembled and reintegration begin.

To defeat ISIS we need to hit them where it hurts - in their pockets
International Business Times: January 5, 2016
In the aftermath of the Paris attacks, terrorist financing is once again the focus of attention. The continued failure of global authorities to exploit the value of financial intelligence means that efforts to combat terrorist financing will continue to fall short

Written Submission to the Foreign Affairs Committee ISIL Enquiry
HM Government Foreign Affairs Committee: December 15, 2015
Written evidence submitted with regards to the financing of ISIL and the role the UK should play to disrupt ISIL's various sources of funding.

Gimme Some Sugar: the Real Source of al-Shabab's Income
Foreign Affairs: December 3, 2015
Recent research has concluded that the connection between al Shabab and ivory is far less significant than many policymakers and law-enforcement agencies thought. Instead, reports from both the UN Somalia Monitoring Group and Kenya-based Journalists for Justice have suggested, it is the group’s trade in another white gold—contraband sugar--that sustains al Shabab.

Sugar not Ivory is the Real 'White Gold' of Al-Shabaab
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 27, 2015
Recent reports shed light on Al-Shabaab’s evolving financing model. While charcoal remains key, sugar smuggling is playing an increasing role. Funding from illegal ivory, a focus of much distracting debate, is noticeable only in its absence.

We've Failed to Go Beyond the Rhetoric on ISIS Financing
CityAM: November 27, 2015
All too often, lofty commitments to tackle terrorist financing are made without the necessary strategy and resources in place. Such aspirations are quickly sidelined and forgotten. The latest atrocities wrought on the innocent citizens of a range of nations reminds us once again that disrupting terrorist financing is not optional. It is time for the world to stop talking and to finally act as one against terrorist financing.

De-risking and the increasing cost of banking
Money Laundering Bulletin, November 23, 2015
De-risking by banks attracts the scrutiny and, at times, condemnation of policymakers and regulators. Attracting less attention is the impact that the actions of these same policymakers and regulators have on decision-making at banks.  Read the article here.

​Oil Revenue is Crucial to ISIS
New York Times, Room for Debate: November 20, 2015
By failing to destroy the only source of financing over which the international community has some control, we have ensured ISIS endures.

Global Counter-Terror Finance Efforts are Still Failing
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): November 16, 2015
Despite fifteen years of rhetoric, countless conferences, taskforces and UN Security Council Resolutions, fundamental flaws remain in the global counter terror financing (CTF) architecture. If global leaders and policy-makers truly want to address terrorist finance, words need to translate into better partnerships and greater information-sharing.

Implementing the Iran Deal: Will Banks Do Business?
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: November 10, 2015
Expectations in Iran and elsewhere are high. Already there is palpable excitement among foreign companies and their (mainly European) political cheerleaders, who anticipate renewed access to the lucrative Iranian gas and oil markets as well as a population of 80 million people eager to consume foreign products once again. Judging from the frequency and character of visiting economic delegations from EU nations, reinvigorated trade with Europe appears to be a particular priority for both European and Iranian officials.

Al Shabaab's Adaptive Model
The Cipher Brief: November 5, 2015
In mid-October, the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea published its latest report confirming that despite years of effort and the recent territorial gains that AMISOM (the African Union’s mission in Somalia) and the Somali government have made against al-Shabaab, the group continues to garner the finances it needs to remain militarily active and function as a quasi-government in the areas of Somalia that it controls.

Sanctions relief: Don’t Bank on Global Finance Returning to Iran
CityAM: November 3, 2015
The relief of nuclear-related sanctions on Iran is fast approaching. But for financial institutions seeking to assist clients in taking advantage of the opportunities opening up in the country after the agreement of a deal on Iran’s nuclear programme, the road ahead is fraught with complication.

Feeding Their People: The Challenges of State Facing ISIL
Huffington Post: September 2, 2015
As the headlines focus on airstrikes, the trade in smuggled oil, and looted antiquities, it is easy to forget that millions of people live in the territory controlled by the so-called Islamic State, people who rely on ISIL for their welfare and basic needs. Exposing the inability of ISIL to meet these expectations is the surest way of undermining the legitimacy the group seeks. This challenge is starkly demonstrated by the increasing inability of ISIL to provide the most basic of human requirements, food.

The Collapse of Satanic Capitalism: Global Economic Analysis ISIL-Style
CityAM: September 2, 2015
At the end of a week in which financial markets experienced immense volatility, advice on the underlying, structural issues afflicting the global economy came from an unlikely source. While short-term concerns were soothed by comments from key figures at the US Federal Reserve, it was left to the so-called Islamic State to try to explain why global markets are headed for inevitable collapse.

Vital and Vulnerable: The Two Faces of Money and Value Transfer
The Asian Banker: August 24, 2015
The unintended consequences of FATF Recommendation 14 for Hawala and other similar service providers requires better understanding by all involved. Too often in the name of security, policy makers and regulators in fact create greater insecurity as they fail to anticipate the unintended consequences of their actions: the regulation of the money/value transfer sector is a classic case in point.

Terror on the Cheap: Financing Lone Actor and Small Cell Attacks
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 17, 2015
As recent reports highlight the increasing risk of Daesh-inspired lone actor or small cell homeland terrorist attacks, an urgent recalibration of terrorist-finance disruption efforts is required to include both funds flowing to Syria/Iraq and those raised to be used at home.

Navigating Sanctions: HM Treasury Guides Half the Way
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 30, 2015
HM Treasury finally offers some guidance on sanctions implementation by announcing the creation of the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation.

Out of Line: The UK and US Response to Kidnap-For-Ransom
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 6, 2015
Until last week, the UK Government’s position on terrorist-related kidnap-for-ransom (KfR) mirrored that of the United States: no payments and no concessions. But the result of a six month White House review of US hostage response has created a dilemma for the Prime Minister.

Pay the Price: Washington's Change of Heart on Ransom Payments
Foreign Affairs: July 1, 2015
Until June 2014, the hostage policy of the United States was clear. In seeking to secure the safe release of hostages, the United States would pay no ransoms and make no political concessions to terrorists. That position has now changed.

Identifying Foreign Terrorist Fighters: The Role of Public-Private Partnership, Information Sharing and Financial Intelligence
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 1, 2015
Since 9/11, financial institutions have found themselves placed squarely on the front line of efforts to combat terrorism as the global community seeks to undermine the financing of terrorism. Could banks play a role in disrupting future terrorist threats already in the planning?

Could Banks Help Identify Jihadi Fighters?
BBC News: May 17, 2015
Over the past 18 months, hundreds of people have travelled from the UK to fight in Syria. Most have joined the self-styled Islamic State. Could banks assist the security authorities identify some of these so-called foreign fighters by uncovering "telltale" financial footprints?

Iranian Sanctions and the Banking Sector: Once Bitten Twice Shy
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): April 13, 2015
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and the P5+1 was almost universally welcomed. But can the P5+1 deliver the promised sanctions relief? Or will banks, heavily fined for breaching Iranian sanctions remain risk-averse, restricting opportunity for economic growth?

Don't Blame the Banks: How Overregulation Chokes Remittances to Somalia
Foreign Affairs: March 18, 2015
In trying to address the risks and challenges presented by the desire of Somalis to remit funds home, international efforts are overlooking the two primary risks. Until the opaque and indirect routing of funds through the UAE is addressed, and until Somalia has a more developed financial regulatory architecture, banks cannot be blamed for closing money service business accounts.

Foreign financing of Islamic institutions in the Netherlands
RAND Europe: March 13, 2015
Funding of Islamic institutions by foreign government entities has received considerable attention in the Netherlands in recent years. Concerns have risen over the possibility that these donations may be granted under certain conditions, for example in return for influence on the daily management or religious practicing. It is difficult to say whether these concerns are justified, as little is known about size and nature of foreign funding of religious institutions. The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) has commissioned a study to assess the feasibility of conducting a full analysis of the size and scope of foreign funding of Islamic institutions in the Netherlands and the possible conditions under which funding may be provided. This document reports on the results of that feasibility study.

UK Humanitarian Aid in the Age of Counterterrorism: Perceptions and Reality
Overseas Development Institute: March 5, 2015
For years, British humanitarian NGOs have criticised CT laws for undermining their aid operations, and British Muslim NGOs have argued that they have been disproportionately affected by such laws. Banks have placed restrictions on the services they offer to various UK NGOs working in conflicts like Syria and Gaza while other NGOs have been hard hit by allegations of links to terrorism. All of this has affected the work of NGOs seeking to provide aid in high-risk conflict zones. But who is to blame for the humanitarian fallout? This report looks at the issue from the perspective of aid agencies, banks, the UK government and the Charity Commission, and reveals how each has, in some way, contributed to the problem, and how they must work together to address it.

The Financial Fight Against Daesh: ISIS Financing 2.0
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 17, 2015
2015 will be a critical year for the financial battle against Daesh. The focus on the group’s financing will undoubtedly restrict Daesh in Syria and Iraq, but the group is proliferating abroad. The international community needs to get ahead of the financial curve.

Isis Earnings Call: The Terrorist Group’s Finances Point to a Difficult Year Ahead
CityAM: February 25, 2015
The first quarter of every year brings a blizzard of financial reporting as companies reflect on the past year’s achievements and (most often) make promises of greater things to come. Isis has also updated analysts on its financial position, reporting an expected surplus of $250m after expenditure of $2bn It seems only right that Isis’s pledges and reporting should be exposed to the same scrutiny as any firm or state.

Tackling Financial Crime: Information Sharing is Key
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): February 17, 2015
Keith Bristow, Director General of the National Crime Agency has announced a ground-breaking public/private sector information sharing partnership aimed at better tackling financial crime. This initiative is to be welcomed, but in a globalised financial and criminal market, does it go far enough to tackle ‘a threat to national security.’

Rampant Ransoms: Kidnapping's Economic Bubble
Foreign Affairs: January 26, 2015
The main reason ransom demands have increased so dramatically might be government involvement. On their own, insurers and negotiators want to minimize payouts; banks question multi-million cash withdrawals, and delivery to desolate locations is complex, time consuming, and expensive. Once a government gets involved, however, these barriers are removed.

Can't Pay, Won't Pay: Why Countries Should Think About Paying Ransoms
CNN Opinion: January 22, 2015
The demands by terrorists for ransoms in return for kidnapped hostages continues and grows. Is an unwavering resistance towards ransom payments a constructive position to take? Is offering no hope of some form of negotiated settlement in the best interest of a nation's citizens? Or would it in fact make more sense to take a flexible approach that operates on a "case-by-case" basis, engages in negotiation, and considers all possible options including ransom?

Nip It in the Bud: Disrupting Insurgent Financial Networks Before They Take Root
Fletcher Security Review: Winter 2015 - Money & War
The rapid rise of Islamic State has galvanized the international community to take action. One issue in particular – financing – has drawn increasing attention from policy-makers. This decision by international partners to jointly focus on finance disruption has resulted in a bombing campaign partly targeting oil refineries (a major source of funds for Islamic State) and in a UN Security Council Resolution that exhorts the international community to inhibit foreign terrorist fighter travel and otherwise disrupt financial support. But will it work?

Kidnap for Ransom: Helpful Clarification or Unnecessary Complication?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): January 8, 2015
The UK government’s recently published Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill contains what the Home Secretary described as a ‘clarification’ for the kidnap insurance industry. Given that policies already exclude payments in breach of laws or sanctions, has the Bill provided clarification or has it added unnecessary complication?

Uncharitable Behaviour: Counter-terrorist Regulation Restricts Charity Banking
Demos: December 31, 2014
Despite billions of pounds spent on counter-terror efforts, terrorism remains a fact of modern-day life. Private companies play a critical role in our efforts to prevent terrorism. Banks are required to identify, track and tackle illicit finance, including money laundering and terrorist financing. Yet often, the measures imposed by banks in meeting these obligations can have unintended consequences, and they can impact on the innocent as much as on the guilty.

The Role of Finance in Defeating Al-Shabaab
RUSI Whitehall Report: December 30, 2014
The Somali militant group Al-Shabaab has developed an impressive and extensive financial infrastructure. Security actors seeking to disrupt and defeat the group must tackle the financial dimension of its activities. This paper offers a detailed analysis of Al-Shabaab’s sources of revenue and recommends ways forward for targeting and disrupting the group. As with Islamic State, undermining the financial management of Al-Shabaab and offering those people subject to its control better governance will be at the heart of the group’s ultimate failure and defeat.

Partnership and Accountability are the Key to Tackling Financial Crime
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): December 16, 2014
The launch of RUSI’s new Centre for Financial Crime & Security Studies comes at a time when new initiatives are seeking to bridge the gulf in trust and partnership between the public and private sectors. Key to the success of these initiatives is evaluation, leadership, and accountability.

Finances of Jihad: How Extremist Groups Raise Money
BBC News: December 12, 2014
Skillful financial management is at the heart of the success of any terrorist or insurgent organisation - it represents their lifeblood but is also one of their most significant vulnerabilities.

The City of London: an Underutilised Anti-Corruption Tool
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Anti-Corruption: December 9, 2014
The string of negative headlines that continue to bedevil the City of London are more than an embarrassment, they are arguably a dangerous distraction from advancing and improving the important frontline role that the financial services industry can usefully play in combating corruption and other illicit finance. Given the importance of London as a financial centre, this is not only a matter of national but also global significance.

Black Market: How the Charcoal Trade Fuels Al Shabab
Foreign Affairs: November 18, 2014
To take out al Shabab, one need look no further than charcoal. The United Nations has repeatedly called for countries in the region to disrupt the group’s trade in this environmentally destructive product, but, as the most recent Somalia UN Monitoring Group report revealed, such efforts have been lackluster. With its patience wearing thin, the UN has now taken matters into its own hands by approving a naval intervention.

How to destroy Islamic State: What Obama could learn from Wall Street
City A.M.: November 18, 2014
The Islamic State model comes straight from the pages of a classic corporate finance text book or a Harvard Business School case study. To bring about its downfall, we must also turn to lessons from the financial world.

Defeating ISIS: How Financial Liabilities will Undo the Jihadists
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 27, 2014
The scrutiny of ISIS’ financing has focused almost exclusively on the vast resources it has accumulated. Yet as it has expanded, it has also been gathering financial liabilities which, if the international community is patient, could be its ultimate undoing.

Disrupting Foreign Fighters: An Overlooked Role for Banks?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): October 13, 2014
The recent UN Security Resolution targeting foreign fighters travelling to Syria and Iraq had an opportunity to deploy one of the most powerful available intelligence tools, namely partnership with the banking system. Inexplicably, that opportunity was missed.

Bankers Lose Their Appetite
Charity Finance Magazine: October 2014
Periodically, banks exercise their right to close accounts with little notice and no explanation. Tom Keatinge questions why this might be.

Role of Public and Private Sector Banking in Ethiopia’s Future Economic Growth
Global Center on Cooperative Security: September, 2014
The development of a vibrant and active private banking system that complements existing public sector work is considered important to Ethiopia’s economic progress and key to the success of the government’s “Growth and Transformation Plan,” an ambitious five-year development plan to assist the country in reaching “middle income” status. This brief considers the manner in which Ethiopia’s public and private banking systems affect the development of the national economy, with particular reference to anti–money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism vulnerabilities.

Growing an Economy: Impact of FX and Remittances on Ethiopian Development
Global Center on Cooperative Security: September, 2014
Ethiopia has experienced notable economic growth over the last ten years, but its foreign exchange controls appear restrictive in comparison to peer group countries. This brief considers the manner in which foreign exchange control regimes and remittances affect Ethiopia’s economic development and the challenge of imposing appropriate anti–money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policies without hindering or limiting the important developmental role played by remittance flows.

How the Islamic State Sustains Itself: The Importance of the War Economy in Syria and Iraq
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): August 29, 2014
The spectacular advances made by ISIS have brought focus to the group’s sources of financing, but is the international response and the securing of a UN Security Council Resolution too late given the impressive internal, war economy model the group has developed?

Counter-Terror Finance: Welcome in My Living Room Not in My Life
The Huffington Post: August 28, 2014
The premise of the BBC's excellent Honourable Woman rests on the transfer of money to a designated terrorist organisation in Gaza. Counter-terror finance is welcome in my living room, it makes for a great TV series, but I'd like to see much less of it in my life.

The Importance of Financing in Enabling and Sustaining the Conflict in Syria (and Beyond)
Perspectives on Terrorism, August 2014
Funding is a critical issue to consider when seeking to address an on-going conflict such as the one we are witnessing across Syria and Iraq. This article reviews the importance of financing for insurgent groups, focusing in particular on the highly influential enabling role played by private donor financing in the current conflict in Syria, as well as the sustaining role of the war economy as the conflict spreads

The Price of Freedom: When Governments Pay Ransoms
Foreign Affairs: August 13, 2014
One form of terrorist financing, arguably the most profitable, has evaded the global counterterrorism effort: kidnapping for ransom. Most of the ransom payments appear to be funded by European governments, but all of them have evaded sanctions and international censure.

Ukraine’s Own Worst Enemy: Why Corruption Is More Dangerous than Putin
Foreign Affairs: July 31, 2014
An end to Russia’s intrusions into Ukraine would bring some measure of respite to Kiev. However, that alone would not be enough to place the country on a truly new path. For that, Ukraine must overcome its self-inflicted problems, in particular rampant and pervasive corruption.

Counter-Terror Finance Efforts Threaten NGO Financial Access
The Huffington Post: July 25, 2014
The impact of national and international counter-terror finance efforts on the work of NGOs has received marked attention in recent months. The most important and balanced assessment came with the recent publication by David Anderson QC, the UK's Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, of his annual review of the use of The Terrorism Act 2000, Etc. Urgent dialogue is required if loss of Financial Access is not to lead to a continued withdrawal of NGO activity in areas where it is desperately needed.

Downing Flight MH17: Will the Europeans Get Tougher on Russia?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 21, 2014
For Ukrainians who have shed blood in pursuit of closer ties with the EU, the reticence of European leaders to sanction Russia is at best incomprehensible, and at worst a betrayal. The downing of flight MH17 must finally bring a strong response if Brussels is to maintain any credibility.

Is the Nexus Between the Illegal Wildlife and Forestry Trade and Transnational Security Finally Being Taken Seriously?
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): July 15, 2014
Deprived of traditional methods of funding from donor countries and the diaspora, terrorist groups such as Al-Shabaab are turning to the illegal wildlife and forestry trade to sustain their activities.

Breaking the Banks: Financial Consequences of Counterterrorism
Foreign Affairs: June 26, 2014
In recent years, U.S. and European officials have aggressively targeted terrorist financing networks. Those efforts have come at a high cost, restricting access to the financial system and pushing more cash into the shadows.

Addressing the Foreign-Fighter Risk: a Role for Financial Intelligence?
ISN/ETH Zurich: May 8, 2014
The challenge posed to Western authorities by the number of foreign fighters travelling to the Syrian conflict is a real, current, and instructive example of where financial intelligence and partnership between authorities and the financial services industry can add significantly to the protection governments are seeking in facing down this rapidly growing security risk.

Bad Company: Why the West is Weak on Russia
Foreign Affairs: May 6, 2014
Western leaders seek to force Putin to change course by threatening economic damage. But, fearing the economic blowback that sanctions may inflict on their own countries, they allow corporate self-interest to justify a weak and divided response. Those fears are misplaced.

Sanctions Score: How the West Can Still Beat Putin
Foreign Affairs: March 30, 2014
Sanctions have not forced Russia to withdraw from Ukraine, and for that reason, some consider them a failure. In fact, they have worked just as intended, causing the ruble to weaken, inflation to rise, and investor demand for Russian stocks to dry up. They have also, apparently, pushed Putin into talks with the West

Turkey's Dirty Money: Why Ankara Is Still on FATF's Gray List
Foreign Affairs: February 25, 2014
Earlier this month, Turkey waited anxiously to see whether, having passed a law in 2013 to prevent the financing of terrorism, it would be taken off the FATF's list of high-risk and noncooperative jurisdictions. The result? Disappointing. Turkey will remain in uncomfortable company on the gray list of countries that the FATF deems to have deficiencies in their efforts to combat money laundering and terrorism financing.

Regaining Control of the [Rebel] Financing Agenda in Syria
War on the Rocks: January 20, 2014
As the Syrian civil war rages, the US and its allies are struggling to find a willing, capable, and acceptable opposition movement to support. Meanwhile, funds from across the Middle East are flowing to a range of rebel factions from and via Kuwait. The international community must not rely on Kuwait to restrict these flows directly but must develop indirect means of targeting this fundraising if it wishes to regain control of the financial agenda in the Syrian civil war.

Banks, Authorities, and CTF: A Missed Opportunity and Security Weakness
ISN/ETH Zurich: January 9, 2014
Banks, Authorities, and CTF: A Missed Opportunity and Security Weakness In the post-9/11 ‘Financial War on Terror’, the actual implementation of counter-terrorist policies has been delegated to the financial services industry. That’s bad news, argues Tom Keatinge – the resulting misalignment of incentives and perspectives has created serious security risks for us all.

US Fed Taper to Have Global Impact
IISS Strategic Comments (Vol 2013; Edition 47): December 20, 2013
Driven by domestic considerations, the US Federal Reserve's decision to begin scaling back its purchases of US Treasury and mortgage-backed bonds will have implications for currency and investment markets around the world. Among the emerging economies most exposed to adverse market developments are those of Brazil, India, Turkey and South Africa.

Written Submission to Home Affairs Committee CT Enquiry
HM Government Home Affairs Committee: October 8, 2013
Written submission to Home Affairs Committee inquiry into the 'Prevent' strand of the UK Government's counter-terrorism strategy. This submission focuses on two primary areas, (1) the lack of co-ordination and co-operation between Government and the Financial Services Industry, and (2) the unintended consequences that the global counter-terror finance regime has on financial inclusion.

A War of Proportion: Regulating the Financial Sector in the Name of Counterterrorism
Charity & Security Network: September 18, 2013

Safer Corridors Rapid Assessment: Somalia & UK Banking
September 1, 2013
A rapid assessment commissioned by the UK Government to reconcile two important policy goals in relation to international remittances and funds transfers: first, to support poverty alleviation and investment in fragile states by safeguarding cost-effective transfer mechanisms; and second, to minimise the risk that these mechanisms be used for criminal or terrorist purposes. Money Service Businesses (MSBs) provide intermediation for remittances, and they require a bank account in order to deliver effective commercial services. Most MSBs are intensive cash handling businesses and thus vulnerable to the risk of facilitating illicit finance flows. Major banks are withdrawing bank accounts from MSBs because of the reputational and regulatory risk of being associated with illicit finance and fear of fines, together with inadequate profitability, leading to a possible market restructure. Concerns have been raised about Somalia due to the potential negative impact on the humanitarian situation and development goals, therefore this assessment looks specifically at that context.

Draining the Ocean to Catch one Type of Fish: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Global Counter-Terrorism Financing
Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 7, No 4 (2013): August 28, 2013

This article begins with a brief review of one of the most resilient methods of fundraising for Jihad that we believe is not well understood – ‘Tajheez al-Ghazi’ – as well as the use of fundraising auctions and the ‘justification’ of criminality. It then evaluates the international community’s response to the terrorist financing threat, and, in particular, reviews the interaction of the global CTF framework with fragile states and the impact on financial inclusion. The article concludes by recommending some improvements to a regime that has grown relatively unchecked over the past decade and which, some suggest, has tried to ‘catch one type of fish by draining the ocean’.